How a Researchers View on Children Can Influence the Outcome of Resear

Power relations among children and young deal may have been neglected in previous question as adults have indeed claimed superiority Understandings of childhood during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries arise towards children and young people actively participate in the process of research. honorable issues are relevant to all elements of the research process, up to and including dissemination. Research should be managed within an appropriate framework that includes an appropriate consideration of ethics, and when working with children and young people deliberation on their rights and viewpoints. Ethical issues are of the utmost important when researching to ensure the research is carried out in a morally correct way and should be based on values, beliefs and attitudes. The papers I shall be drawing upon are Negotiating Autonomy Childrens Use of Time and Space in Rural Bolivia Samantha cowhand (2004) Gender Play Girls and Boys in School Barrie Thorne (2004) Throughout history and in all cultures adults exercise power over children, in all aspects of their lives from parental power, teacher/school regulation through to the passing of laws at national level that affect the lives of all children within that society. S. A. Taylor (2000) cited in Doing Research with Children and Young People edit by Fraser et al, pointed out that it is adults and not children themselves who write about, debate and decide what rights children should have.. This can be seen as an indication of the power adults exercise over children which confines them to subsidiary company roles within society. Power means different things to different people, however, it is generally t... ...esearch is not always an easy choice. There is often a fine balance amidst respecting the information gained from a child which has been freely habituated on a confidential basis and ensuring adequate protection for the child. S imilarly ensuring that informed consent is given may result in some children not taking part in the research, but it also protects children from covert research which may not generate them in a true light. As we have seen good issues are not always easy to resolve, but it is important to identify potential ethical problems so that ways of addressing them can be determined. Whether or not a piece of research is required to be approved by an ethics perpetration or not, by raising ethical questions during the planning stage it helps to ensure protection for both children and researchers and ultimately leads to better, well thought out research.

Ritalin: Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

Ritalin A Miracle Drug, or Another Cocaine?If the term Attention Deficit Hyperactivity perturbation(ADHD) is mentioned, the first thing that comes to many peoples minds is a drug c every last(predicate)ed Methylphenidate, commonly referred to as Ritalin. Most people know Ritalin is positive for ADHD, and they most likely know at least one person who is currently taking it. However, in the 1960s, Ritalin and many other amphetamines were recognized as abusive substances, so many new controls were introduced to more closely monitor the prescribing of these drugs. Despite these new restrictions, the abuse and over-prescribing of Ritalin has re-emerged from the shadows. One way the over-prescribing of Ritalin has emerged is its eternal use for treating ADHD in children and adolescents. ADHD is a behavioral disorder and generally infects boys between the ages of six and fourteen ( coupled Nations Warning on Ritalin, 1). Data shows that 10-12% of all boys in this range are taking Ritali n for the treatment of diagnosed ADHD. Since 1990, the number of people taking Ritalin has increased by 500%. As of now, the United States has the highest level of Ritalin use and production. Canada uses just under half of what the U.S. uses of Ritalin and no other countries have come close. 7-10% of the U.S.s boys are on this drug, which is an overpowering number compared to other countries around the world. As a result of this, the gover...

Vonnegut versus Strindberg :: essays research papers

Kurt Vonnegut is one of the preeminent writers of the later half of the twentieth century. His works are all windows to his mind, a literary psychoanalysis. The dissipation scarper Julie, by August Strindberg, has two subordinates, a daughter and a servant, who are subject to to each oneothers authority. Julie is Jeans professional in terms of class, jean is julies superior in terms of morality, because Jean is a man and Julie is a degenerate woman. These class departures structure most of both the plays actions. The plays are conservative in sentiment. They curb these superior and inferior positions in place and ultimately submits both characters to the total authority of the count. An uncountable number of power reversals occurring along class and gender lines throughout the plays. The difference between Jean and Julie is central to their attraction. Whereas Julie expresses a desire to fall from her social position, Jean expresses an idle desire to climb up from his social position. Jean hopes to disclose his social status by sleeping with Julie, when he discovers that she is penniless, he abandons his plans. By sleeping with Jean, Julie degrades herself and places herself beneath Jeans level. The power shifts again, however, when Julie reasserts her superior class, mocking Jeans nominate and family line. In Kurt Vonneguts Who am I This Time, Harry Nash is a shy hardware store employee. But whenever he takes a part in a local amateur theatre production, he becomes the part completely. Helene is new in town, a lonely internant telephone company employee. On a whim, she auditions for and gets the part of Miss Julie. Before anyone realizes the problem, she falls madly in love with Jean not knowing what the real man is like. In both plays the people fall for each other, not knowing who they are really falling in love with.

Hepatitis C Essay -- essays research papers fc

My uncle was not the only person to become infected with the hepatitis C virus, but in fact many lot are presently struggling to keep it under control. Today four million Americans are infected with the hepatitis C virus and there are thirty thousand new cases of this virus found each year (Turkington 9). Hepatitis C takes ten thousand lives each year just in the United States, and without effective treatment the death rate is expected to triple in the next fifteen years (Turkington 9). 75 percent of those infected with the virus will develop chronic hepatitis and half of those people will develop cirrhosis of the liver (Turkington 9). The hepatitis C virus is sometimes referred to as the Hidden Epidemic because an estimated four million people are infected with it and symptoms may not show until twenty years later (Grady). It is also the leading cause of liver transplantation in the United States (Bushie). This virus affects so many people and we should all learn and study more to the highest degree it to hasten its spread. Hepatitis is a rather new virus to the science world, but it has been around for a very long time. Before scientists knew about hepatitis C, they had discovered A and B types, so when they found C they called it non-A non-B (Turkington 5). The virus was discovered in 1987, but not until after 1990 was blood tested for hepatitis, causing many people to receive and contract the virus (Turkington 5). Hepatitis is thought to have originated in the Far East because of the diversity and number of people infected in that location (Turkington 6). Strains of hepatitis are found in Thailand, which has led researchers to believe it mutated in Asia to form all its genotypes (Turkington 6). There are five types of the hepatitis virus and they are A, B, C, D, and E (Hoofnagle). Hepatitis C is caused by a single-stranded virus with a core of ribonucleic acid (Turkington 10). Hepatitis C has so many genotypes that the virus cannot be detected by the immune clay (Turkington 11). It has six separate genotypes and each genotype has three to four subtypes (Turkington 11). Every genotype of the virus is restricted to different regions of the world (Turkington 11). The most common genotypes of hepatitis C in North America are the 1a and 1b genotypes (Turkington 11). The genotype 1b is the most severe form of the hepatitis C virus because it is the most ag... ...rld Book Online. 1999. 10 April 2001 <<a href="http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/253280">http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/253280>.Grady, Denise. Hepatitis C How Widespread a Threat? New York quantify 15 December 1998 F1. New York Times Ondisk. CD-ROM. UMI-ProQuest. 1998-2001.Hoofnagle, Jay. Hepatitis. World Book Online. 1999. 10 April 2001 <<a href="http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/253280">http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/253280>.Lieber, Charles. Diseases of the Liver. Wor ld Book Online. 1998. 10 April 2001 <<a href="http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/327240">http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/327240>.McCarthy, Rose. Personal Interview. 16 April 2001.McCarthy Susan. Personal Interview. 16 April 2001.Pelis, Neal. Interferon. World Book Online. 2000. 10 April 2001 <<a href="http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/278440">http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/278440>.Turkington, Carol. Hepatitis C The Silent Killer. Chicago Contemporary Books, 1998.

Black Boy :: essays papers

Black Boy Richard has many different ideas on how to deal with racial discrimination. Throughout the intact first part of the book he makes many references as to what he believes could help the problem. Although the well-nigh frequent method he practiced to deal with racism was acceptance, Richard does not believe this is the best way to handle it. Richard believes that educating oneself about racism bests combats the problem.Through education, Richard thinks that people can more easily come to realize how unspeakable the problem is. He believes that far too many people are simply accepting racism because they dont know what it is like to live without it, and have no idea how to go about ridding themselves of the problem. Richard feels that if both whites and blacks could know what it would be like without the institution of racism running many of the aspects of their daily lives, then both races would utility from this knowledge and change the nature of many of their act ions. The belief that people need to be educated about the subject is commonly supported throughout the text. incoming the seventh grade Richard first realizes that racism is never talked about seriously. He thinks to himself, Nothing about the problems of Negroes was ever taught about in school and whenever I would prefer these questions with the boys, they would either remain silent or turn the subject into a joke. They were vocal about the petty individual wrongs they suffered, but they possessed no liking for a knowledge of the picture as a whole.. This shows how Richard is aware of the lack of education, and also brings to light his misunderstanding of why there was a lack of education. Richard believed at this time that the reason blacks were not educated about the subject and nothing was ever done was because of white authority. The truth was the reason lied much deeper into the military personnel character, and originated equally, if not more, from action the blacks took (or didnt take). Many southern blacks at this time had no idea of what life without racism would be like (besides the fairy tales of a non-racist northern society). And because of most peoples natural desire to maintain traditions (and promote a static reality), even when changing traditions would prove beneficial far in excess of the costs of the change, the absolute majority blacks themselves in the south took no real action to promote change.

Black Boy :: essays papers

Black Boy Richard has umpteen another(prenominal) different ideas on how to deal with racism. Throughout the entire first part of the book he makes many references as to what he believes could help the problem. Although the most frequent method he practiced to deal with racism was acceptance, Richard does not believe this is the best way to cargo hold it. Richard believes that educating oneself rough racism bests combats the problem.Through education, Richard thinks that people can more easily come to realize how severe the problem is. He believes that far too many people are simply accepting racism because they dont make love what it is like to live without it, and have no idea how to go about ridding themselves of the problem. Richard feels that if both whites and blacks could know what it would be like without the institution of racism running many of the aspects of their daily lives, then both races would benefit from this knowledge and change the nature of many of th eir work ons. The judgment that people need to be educated about the subject is commonly supported throughout the text. Entering the seventh grade Richard first realizes that racism is neer talked about seriously. He thinks to himself, Nothing about the problems of Negroes was ever taught about in school and whenever I would raise these questions with the boys, they would either remain silent or discharge the subject into a joke. They were vocal about the petty individual wrongs they suffered, but they possessed no desire for a knowledge of the picture as a whole.. This shows how Richard is aware of the lack of education, and also brings to light his misunderstanding of why there was a lack of education. Richard believed at this time that the reason blacks were not educated about the subject and nothing was ever done was because of white authority. The truth was the reason lied much deeper into the human character, and originated equally, if not more, from action the blacks too k (or didnt take). Many southern blacks at this time had no idea of what life without racism would be like (besides the fairy tales of a non-racist northern society). And because of most peoples natural desire to maintain traditions (and promote a static reality), even when changing traditions would prove beneficial far in excess of the costs of the change, the majority blacks themselves in the south took no real action to promote change.

Race-Based Internment and Korematsu Essay

The internment of Japanese-Ameri rear ends following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was shameful non only because of the fact that it was allowed to happen, but mostly because it was a topic public policy joined in by all branches of the American government. President Roosevelt initiated the policy as the head of the decision maker branch by issuing executive grazes declaring zones of exception for people of Japanese backgrounds, curfews, and even relocation programs to what some scholars have referred to as quasi-concentration camps.The legislative branch failed to protect the rights of these Japanese Americans instead, On March 21, 1942, Congress ratified and confirmed Executive Order No. 9066, which authorized criminal penalties for persons disobeying exclusion orders (Justl, 2009, p. 272). Ultimately, with both the executive and legislative branches having failed to protect or defend the rights of American citizens of Japanese ancestry, the United States Supreme Court would be called upon to decide whether these orders and policies were in intrusion of the American constitution.To be sure, the notion that Americans could be rounded up and compelled through force to confined in internment camps seems to offend the dearest principles of American indecency and justice. Hoping that the judicial branch would extend the constitutional guarantees to American citizens of Japanese ancestry, a man named Korematsu filed suit alleging that these orders and policies violated the American constitution in a gaucherie now well-known as Korematsu v. United States. This particular case originated when an American citizen, who was born and raised in San Francisco, openly refuse to obey the exclusion order issued by President Roosevelt.Korematsu was loyal to the United States, having volunteered for military service though rejected because of health limitations, and there existed absolutely no evidence that he represent even a minor threat to American national s ecurity. He was allegedly subject to the exclusion order purely because of is Japanese ancestry. Korematsu was gainfully employed, he had a girlfriend who was not of Japanese ancestry, and he took deliberate steps to avoid and later challenge the constitutionality of the exclusion order. Ultimately, he was arrested and relocated to an internment camp.Specifically, he was arrested because he refused to leave an area open to others but closed to those of Japanese ancestry and because he refused to voluntarily report to an internment camp. The judicial branch, like the executive and legislative branches before, failed to protect the rights of Japanese-Americans indeed, the Supreme Court upheld the exclusion order and Korematsus conviction (Justl, 2009, p. 274). Significantly, however, the Supreme Courts decision was a six to terzetto majority rather than a unanimous decision.The majority reasoned that war constituted a national hand brake and that certain laws and orders designed to prevent staining or sabotage were sufficient bases upon which to restrict or eliminate individual rights protected in the constitution for the duration of the emergency. This case and its rationale still functions as a landmark type of legal case because it stands for the proposition that the constitutional rights of Americans can be suspended in times of national emergency.The minority opinions, enter in dissents in the Korematsu case, argued that these laws were racist that they offended American ideals, and that the rights guaranteed by the American constitution ought to always apply regardless of alleged fears and national emergencies. This case in effect allows the judicial branch to relinquish its sacred duties as guardian of the constitution in national emergencies this, in turn, gives the executive and legislative branches powers perhaps not think when the founders of the constitution sought to create a stable balance of powers.In the final analysis, the Korematsu case is troubling because it stands for a legal principle that transcends its origins. More particularly, it can be seen in contemporary times that the War on Terror has been used as an indefinite type of national emergency to restrict or eliminate rights for American citizens even though the main enemies have been defined as foreign nationals. Arab-Americans and Muslims have in this way replaced the Japanese-Americans of World-War Two.Additionally, the recent oil conk out in the Gulf of Mexico has been treated as a type of environmental national emergency and the media has been restricted by the American Coast Guard from blanket the story on-site. Korematsu is a tragedy both because of the individual harm done to Fred Korematsu and because it continues to stand for a proposition to the effect that politicians can cry national emergency in order to suspend or eliminate constitutional rights for different classes of American citizens.It is perhaps time that the Supreme Court reasserts its intended role as a true guardian of the constitution by accepting a case challenging the Korematsu precedent so that it can eliminate the vague national emergency exception. References Justl, J. M. (2009). Disastrously Misunderstood Judicial Deference in the Japanese-American Cases. Yale Law Journal, 119(2), 270+. Retrieved June 2, 2010, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5036190287

Edgar Allen Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher Essay

The black letter tradition has played a central role in creating architecture, poetry, lit timeture, film and even art, such as Henry Fuselis 1781 painting, The Nightm atomic number 18. Oscar Wilde borrowed heavily from the Gothic tradition when creating his 1890s refreshful, The Picture of Dorian senile and in this essay I am going to be looking at certain black letter sections of Oscar Wildes unfermented where he utilizes the fundamental aspects of the Gothic tradition. I bequeath be looking into The Picture of Dorian Gray and how Wilde plays on the horror, the horrific, the suspense and the apparitional that all contri moreovere to a Gothic mood.The term Gothic com gayds a vast semantic field of varied terrain a range of meanings, definitions and associations. It is in that respectfore very hard to define because it covers such a broad portfolio of different aspects.Historically the Goths were one of the several Germanic tribes who were one of the peoples who relieved atom ic number 63 from the clutches of the Roman Empire, culminating in its collapse in 476 AD. History itself has manipulated the term Gothic to be associated with the idea of freedom. One of the reasons the Gothic literary genre is so labored to define is that it is constantly evolving and so after being associated with freedom it began to be linked with moons. The rigid hierarchy of the Victorian era meant that the entirely place you could look true freedom was in your dreams. And so again the idea evolved once much to nightmares where you could explore the dark side of human nature.The Gothic saucy prototypical became popular in England during the late 1700s and the early 1800s. At the end of the eighteenth century, England bring itself in the midst of a accessible upheaval and it was out of this that the gothic genre emerged. The Gothic novel was invented almost single handledly by Horace Walpole, whose 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto contains essentially all the elements that constitute the genre. Walpoles novel was imitated not only in the 18th century and not only in novel form but also in poetry, art and even later films.Poes, 1839, novel The Fall of the House of templet, also possesses the innate features of the Gothic tale a haunted house, dreary landscape, mysterious sickness and doubled personality (which will be discussed in a later paragraph).A mysterious family or past is a very popular infrastructure throughout the Gothic genre and this is clearly evident in The Fall of the House of Usher, where Poe likens the house to the genetic family line of the Usher family, which he refers to as the house of Usher. In the novel the building is described as neglectedcrumblingolddiscoloured1 which refers not only to the mansion itself but is a substantial metaphor for the Usher family itself. Furthermore in The Picture of Dorian Gray we see that Dorians past is exactly this. His typical Gothic family history includes duels to the death, suicide, y oung brides and romantic marriages. This also shows the apparent link between the Romantic Movement and the Gothic. One could say that the Gothic genre is Romanticism gone wrong. For example they both defecate castles but in the Gothic the castles tend to be derelict or haunted and, damsels in distress are seen in both genres as well.Throughout the Victorian era women were thought of as always being virtuous even though the expected behaviour of a husband was the complete opposite. The Gothic genre was an melt down from reality and so in the genre emerged the controversial use of women not as pure, chaste people but as monsters and seductresses. Such examples of this could be the tragic death of Dorian Grays lover, Sibyl Vain she had swallowed somethingsome dreadful thing they use at theatreseither prussic acid or white blend in2 The girls death is typically gothic through the sheer horrifying nature of the death, swallowing acid, and highlights the waste of tangible living.In addition the women at the opium den is primal gothic, where she asks James Vain why didnt you kill him Dorian Gray3, which is a horrific question in itself. It is said that she hissed out these words, which is a potent onomatopoeia, as if she is a snake a typically frightening and monstrous creature to some. Also her face is described as haggard4, and is perhaps used by Wilde as if to liken her to a witch, only adds to the gothic aura. When James Vain looks back the women had vanished5, make the women seem in a way, supernatural, another crucial theme in a gothic piece of literature. This was very actionive to the Victoria audience as it was totally out of the normal and something that many would never dream of seeing.Furthermore writers in the Victorian era used many contempory issues as a basis of their works in order to bring the horror more to life. In Robert Louis Stevensons Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the horrific murder of Sir Carew was linked to the similar murders by the infa mous Jack the Ripper.This theme is very common, and recurrent in many gothic art forms. In Francis Ford Coppolas, 1992 film, Bram Stokers Dracula Lucy after being bitten by Dracula, starts to become mysteriously sick and evil. Soon after there is a scene where she is active to feed on a baby, demonstrating how the damsel in distress has became evil. Women in Dracula are unhingede into contributions to fear alternatively than the embodiment of purity and goodness.Damsels in distress are also in Poes story where Rodericks sister, Madeline is entombed before she has actually died. This idea is evident in The Picture of Dorian Gray as well, where the damsel is Sibyl Vane who dies early on in the novel however one could also say that Basil, the mechanic who painted the portrait, is the damsel in distress too.The Gothic genre allowed you to escape from reality, to explore freedom elsewhere and in The Picture of Dorian Gray Dorian tries to find a freedom that takes him away from his r eality and his ever-growing sins. The opium dens offer him this release from his memory which are depicted like a horrible malady, that was eating his brain away6.This is proven by the fact that Dorian Gray flees to one of these dens, after murdering Basil Hallward to presumably forget about the awfulness of his actions by losing conciseness in a drug induced languor. The dens located in the most derelict sites of London, maybe represent the squalid state of Dorian Grays heading and the actual dens described with words as tattereddulleddistortedgreasyochre-coloured saw dustspilt liquor7, perhaps reflect his mortification of his soul. Drugs seem to top a new tempry freedom for Dorian to experience. Drugs seem to give a freedom which is what the Gothic represents in its entirety.One of the elements of the Gothic is the horrific and this is very vividly brought to life in The Picture of Dorian Gray where Sible Vane kills herself with prussic acid and also when Alan Campbell graphica lly destroys Basil Hallward body in Dorians bean which is almost like Mary Shelleys Gothic novel, Frankenstein reversed.The main idea of a Gothic novel was the frightening and so in Wildes novel this is used frequently. The use of far off lands terrifying to the Victorian audience, is a key publication, and one relating to the original idea of the Gothic, although the Victorian Gothic novel found little need for ruins, rugged landscapes and derelict castles, the new landscape was the city as a source for menace and the dark. For example on Dorians way to the opium dens one day Wilde describes the route with prime Gothic vocabulary dimly-lit streets, past gaunt black-shadowed archways and evil-looking houses grotesque childrenmonstrous apes8. For the upper classes reading the track record, would never have been to the dark east end of London so they were left feeling as though they were in some desolate wild place.Another effect Wilde utilizes to scare the audience is how he liken s inanimate objects to living things such as when he describes shadows as if they were alive. For example the way that Wilde likens shadows to living things fantastic shadows were silhouetted against some lamp-lit craft they moved like monstrous marionettes, and made gestures like living things9. Wilde is also able to make shadows frightening, by personifying the darkness the evening darkened in the room. Noiselessly, and with currency feet, the shadows crept in from the garden. The colours faded wearily out of things10. From these extracts Wilde creates a typical Gothic mood that is dark and scary.There are some sections of Wildes book that seem as though they are describing certain Gothic works of art namely Henry Fusels, 1781, The Nightmare where he exploits all the original Gothic traits into a painting showing a women lying on a bed with a grotesque creature on her chest. Also it has many shadows and an ere horse in the background. The picture has all the elements that make the Gothic genre dark setting, full of shadows, odd creatures, a damsel in distress and the unnatural.The Gothic theme is also represented in the painting, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters by Goya, 1799.They both have in the paintings a person sleeping and Gothic images around them suggesting that they are in the persons dreams.Double personalities, or doppelganger is used a lot among Gothic writers and is demonstrated in The Fall of the House of Usher, with Roderick and Madeline, the mansion and the genetic Usher family and this element occurs also in The Picture of Dorian Gray with Dorian. In the novel the double personality is Dorian and his painting, Dorian representing the physical and the painting representing the inner or the soul of Dorian. However the theme is much more widely spread and is in other Gothic works such as Robert Louis Stevensons Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.As in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde where one character, transforms in to another, when Dorian Gray has the idea to kill Basil Hallward, his urge is described in the book as the mad passions of a hunted animal that stirred within him11. This particularly animalistic description, perhaps serves to highlight the gothic genre even more by making a comparison between animals, that are not restricted in society to act in a certain way, and are thus free to act as they please. By stark contrast, Dorian Gray as a human is restricted to act in a certain way, that is considered chastely correct. His act of killing, in human society is considered as a sin.The supernatural is key in increasing the horror of a gothic novel, such as the fact that Dracula does not have reflection in the mirror. In addition when Harker describes how Dracula left the castle I saw the whole man slowly emerge from the window and began to crawl down the castle wall12 from this extract we can see that Dracula is a supernatural character as his actions are unexplainable.However the supernatural theme running through the book, re aches a dramatic zenith with Dorians end. His fatal error is absolutely supernatural with the description of the unrecognisable wrinkly old man where there had recently been a vibrant youth adding to both the awful moral and supernatural effect of the novel.Above all the most gothic and supernatural thing in the book is the portrait of Dorian Gray himself. The painting acts as a counselor to Dorian and almost becomes a moral barometer. After murdering Basil Hallward, the portrait reveals the sin by changing. The portrait is described as a canvas that had sweated blood13, a blood that is expressed as a loathsome red dew that gleamed14. Dorian grows increasingly uncomfortable over the course of novel with what the disfigured portrait signifies about himself. And as the novel progresses and the painting continues to register the effects of time and dissipation, and we start to see the degree to which Dorian is undone by the sins that his portrait reflects and the degree to which he su ffers for allowing the painting to act as a Visible emblem of conscience.This in itself is a very gothic idea living a life without consequences and letting the portrait bear the sins and this is exactly what Dorian did until his sins caught up with him.The Victorian era was very difficult to live in because of its rigid structured social hierarchy that allowed no impurities or non ethnical or righteous ideas. However the Gothic genre allowed you to do all these things and to explore irrational fantasies and social taboos. This is belike why Wilde liked the genre because being a homosexual he could not explore his own freedom in his own life but instead he possibly explored this through the homoerotic theme of novel. He managed to escape and explore another freedom through the gothic genre.The Picture of Dorian Gray is not an entire gothic novel but a fair amount is and I think that with the gothic sections Wilde has successfully created a primo piece of Gothic literature.1 The Pic ture of Dorian Gray, By Oscar Wilde, Published by Penguin.

Music Appreciation Text Questions Essay

Please complete the following questions. It is meaning(a) that you use full sentences and present the questions and answers when you submit your work. cut in the work as a saddle attachment. This means you complete all work in a word processing document (e.g., Microsoft Word) and attach the file using the dropbox tool.Use the Unit 3 Text Questions dropbox basket.The answers to the Review & Critical Thinking questions are worth 10 points.Review Questions1. What is the Hurrian song? wherefore is it important?The Hurrian Song is a collection of music inscribed on cuneiform on clay tablets. Its important because it is cardinal of the first sentences Hymns were written down.2. What is the Natya Shastra? Why is it important? Natya Shastra is a writing on the performing arts, dancing, and stage performance. This is important because it gives quite a detailed information on the types of instruments that was used at the time and was popular.3. Who were troubadours? What was their music like?Troubadours were traveling poet musicians who traveled from place to place singing and performing for the nobility. The songs that were sang were generally monophic and they often accompanied themselves with an instrument like a lyre or even a drum.4. What are modes? Describe at least one type of mode. Modes were used before the modern day scales. One resistant of mode is Ionian.5. What is polyphonic music? How does it differ from monophonic music?Polyphonic Music uses two or more independent melodies. It differs from monophic music because monophic music was prevail in early middle ages.Critical Thinking Questions1. Why did early humans develop music? What are some of the ways that they were thought to establish music?Early Humans developed music because they wanted to express themselves. One way they were thought to create music was by listening to congenital sounds and repeating them. 2. Why is the study of prehistoric and ancient music important? What hind end we learn from it?The study of prehistoric/ancient music is important because you can see how musicstarted and how it advanced. We can learn how they lived back then from it. 3. What roles did music play in the life of prehistoric and ancient people? Are the roles uniform to or different from the roles that it plays today?Are the roles analogous to or different from the roles that it plays today? The role music played was entertainment and Religious support. The roles are similar today its just more diverse.Discussion QuestionsPlease post questions and answers on the UNIT THREE discussion boards. Unless otherwise instructed, you should submit at least one full paragraph for each question. Each discussion assignment is worth 5 points.

Fundraising Event At St. Therese’s Parish

As part of the seventy-fifth anniversary of St. Thereses Parish, the parish family, together with Monsignor Robert MacArthur has campaigned for a fundraising event that give support the festive celebration of its institution. The fundraising activity will involve the sales of the St. Thereses 75th day of remembrance Cookbook, which is a compilation of approximately 75 favorite and traditional recipes submitted by members of the parish themselves. The St.Thereses 75th anniversary Cookbook is a product of the members of the parish who are dedicated to serve the parish in their very own personal way. The cookbook will be sold for only(prenominal) $5. 00 a piece and all proceeds will go to the celebration of St. Thereses 75th anniversary. The cookbook is dedicated to all former priests, sisters and parishioners who have provided their ruffianly work and commitment to the parish in the early days and years, which in turn developed the foundation of what we now see at St. Thereses Pari sh.It is well-known that galore(postnominal) handsand hearts, as well as Gods grace, have molded the current parish. The St. Thereses 75th Anniversary Cookbook is composed of several(prenominal) sectionsappetizers and beverages, salads and dressings, soups and sauces, vegetables, main dishes, breads, desserts, and even canning procedures, that will be very helpful to every home. Each entry has been lovingly written and submitted by parishioners, with their goal of sharing their untroubled home recipes and at the same time helping out in raising funds for the coming joyous event at St.Thereses. The St. Thereses 75th Anniversary Cookbook will be available at the parish entrance after Holy Mass and will also be available at the corner grocery store, along Main Street and West Avenue. So hurry up and grab a copy of the St. Thereses 75th Anniversary Cookbook and be part of the joyful group that is eager to share their oneness with the parish in raising funds for its 75th anniversary ce lebration

Impact of Television Advertisement on Buying Behaviour of Adolescents Essay

Market arena in India has been witnessing several changes in grapheme and complexity since the last few years. These changes include a higher reach of mass media, particularly due to an incrementd penetration of satellite channels, availability of a undischargeder assortment of products and services, a higher level of consumer spending on items new(prenominal) than basic necessities, a more discerning choice behavior exhibited by consumer preference for better value in products and services. A gradual development of the economy has indeed influenced these changes.However, the most important impetus for the transformation of markets is the visible increase in competition. Given these signals, the key question vexing most companies is how does one compete and grow in rapidly changing and competitive markets? The answer is tv set Advertisement. Television the big invention of J. K. Baird has today became a mass media of modern communication as a result in that respect has been an increase in outstanding amount of commercial propaganda. Todays producer invests huge amount of money on TV advertisement and in finding new slipway of attracting consumers towards his products.As a result consumerism is the new religion of the day. Consumerism is having great effect on various groups of the society. Adolescents are the important group of the society. So, it will be of great use to find-out how television advertising affects them? In the city consumerism had already begun to spin its web. Adolescents are the principal(prenominal) targets of this, which attempts to change their consumption pattern, behaviorstyle & views. Consumerism is also influencing adolescents buying behaviour & higher desire of acquiring luxurious goods in their future-life.In short the producer of today is trying to capture the market by focusing its special attention towards adverting by keeping adolescents in their point of view. The best example of consumerism is advertising strategy ad opted by China for capturing market. Their main focus is on adolescents. China has gained great share in the international market due to adverting its adolescents-related products. They became successful in earning foreign revenue just by changing adolescents psychological science through advertising. This example of China depicts how a egress rate in economy is accelerated by pure advertising for adolescents.In 1991 Indian Government introduced new Industrial Policy and adopted the concept of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization, as a result there is rapid growth in Industrialization. Many foreign and multinational companies entered into Indian market to sell their products. To capture the market many producers are engaged in advertising their products on Television. TV advertisements are displayed in a very attractive manner. Generally the help of film stars and cricket stars is taken for advertising the products. This strategy of the producers is having a great impact on buying behavior of adolescents.Adolescents get easily attracted towards these TV advertisements and try to follow their favorite film stars and cricket stars. TV advertisements are playing a crucial role in changing the buying behavior of adolescents. Today adolescents prefer to buy luxurious goods and desires to live a comfortable life in future. Today there is a drastic change in eating and clothing habits of adolescents due to TV advertisements as a result there is increased profitability of the producers.Meaning of Basic Terms AdolescenceAdolescence (lat adolescere,(to) grow) is a changeal stage of bodily and mental human development that occurs between small fryhood and adulthood. This transition involves biological (i. e. pubertal), social, and psychological changes, though the biological or physiological ones are the easiest to measure objectively. Historically, puberty has been heavily associated with teenagers and the onset of adolescent development. 1234 In recent years, however, the mark of puberty has seen an increase in preadolescence and extension beyond the teenage years, making adolescence less simple to discern. 152The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country as well as by function, as even within a single country there will be different ages at which an unmarried is considered mature enough to be entrusted with particular tasks, such as driving a vehicle, having braceual relations, serving in the armed forces, voting, or marrying. Also, adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians and less supervision, contrary to the preadolescence stage. PubertyPuberty is the stage of the lifespan in which a child develops secondary sex characteristics (for example a deeper voice or larger adams apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and turgid hips in girls) as his or her hormonal balance shifts strongly towards an adult state. This is tr iggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormones, such as testosterone (boys) or estrogen and progesterone (girls) into the blood stream and begins the rapid maturation of the gonads the girls ovaries and the boys testicles.Some boys whitethorn develop Gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity. Put simply, puberty is the time when a childs bole starts changing into an adults body. The onset of puberty in girls appears to be related to body fat percentage. Girls start going through puberty earlier than boys, although there pass water been cases of boys having signs of puberty as earlyish as the age of 9. The average age for girls to start puberty is 10-12 while the average age for boys to start puberty is 12-14. Adolescent psychologyAdolescent psychology is associated with notable changes in mood sometimes known as mood swings. Cognitive, emotional and attitudinal changes which are characteristic of adolescence, often tak e place during this achievement, and this pot be a cause of run afoul on one hand and positive personality development on the other. Because the adolescents are experiencing various strong cognitive and physical changes, for the first time in their lives they whitethorn start to view their friends, their peer group, as more important and influential than their parents/guardians.Because of peer pressure, they may sometimes bollocks in activities not deemed socially agreeable, although this may be more of a social phenomenon than a psychological one. 6 This overlap is addressed within the study of psychosociology.The cornerstone is an important aspect of adolescent psychology home environment and family have a substantial impact on the developing minds of teenagers, and these developments may reach a climax during adolescence. For example, abusive parents may lead a child to poke fun at other classmates when he/she is seven years old or so, but during adolescence, it may become progressively orse, for example, the child may now be using drugs or becoming intolerably violent among other classmates. If the concepts and possibility behind right or wrong were not established early on in a childs life, the lack of this knowledge may impair a teenagers ability to make beneficial decisions as well as allowing his/her impulses to control his/her decisions.In the search for a unmatched social individuality for themselves, adolescents are frequently confused about what is right and what is wrong. G.Stanley Hall denoted this period as one of Storm and Stress and, according to him, conflict at this developmental stage is normal and not unusual. Margaret Mead, on the other hand, attributed the behavior of adolescents to their culture and upbringing. 7 However, Piaget, attributed this stage in development with greatly increased cognitive abilities at this stage of life the individuals thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease , hence the individual is able to believe and reason in a wider perspective. 8 Positive psychology is sometimes brought up when addressing adolescent psychology as well.This approach towards adolescents refers to providing them with motivation to become socially acceptable and notable individuals, since many adolescents find themselves bored, indecisive and/or unmotivated. 9 Adolescents may be subject to peer pressure within their adolescent time span, consisting of the need to have sex, consume alcoholic beverages, use drugs, defy their parental figures, or commit any activity in which the person who is subjected to may not deem appropriate, among other things.Peer pressure is a common experience between adolescents and may result briefly or on a larger scale. It should also be noted that adolescence is the stage of a psychological breakthrough in a persons life when the cognitive development is rapid10 and the thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence the individuals future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation. 11 Struggles with adolescent identity and depression usually set in when an adolescent experiences a loss.The most important loss in their lives is the changing relationship between the adolescent and their parents. Adolescents may also experience strife in their relationships with friends. This may be because of things their friends do, such as smoking, that they feel if they dont do, theyll lose their friendship. Teen depression can be extremely intense at times because of physical and hormonal changes but emotional instability is part of being a teenager.Their changing mind, body and relationships often present themselves as stressful and that change, they assume, is something to be feared. 12 Views of family relationships during adolescence are changing. The old view of family relationships during adolescence put an emphasis on conflict and disengagement and thought invade and st ress was normal and even inevitable. However, the new view puts emphasis on transformation or relationships and maintenance of connectedness. Consumer behavior

ALDI & Australia

The sell industry in Australia is considered as one of pillars of its economy. The industry has improved immensely as the players in the foodstuff consent increase and the variety of commodities has expanded immensely. At present, the industry is populated by companies that range from multinationals to sm completely and medium scale. Among the players, ALDI Australia is considered as a major player in the industry. The debauched has expanded from a single foreign branch to a major retail chain. It operates in the main markets of Australia and in other regions across the country.ALDI was taken from the buffer name of the order which was Albrecht Discount. Before expanding to Australia, ALDI established its presence in Germany Gradually, the company operations stretched to other locations across the world. ALDI is regarded as one of the biggest supermarket chain worldwide. In Australia, ALDI has close to 160 retail chains. This number is expected to grow as ALDI continues to be aggressive in the industry. Despite strong challenger, ALDI Australia has managed to establish its own identity and has already controlled a significant portion of the market.It is imperative to study the current situation within ALDI Australia. The outside environment of the company is another central feel to investigate. The succeed discussion depart focus on the talent of ALDI to dominate the market. This requires evaluation of the capacity of ALDI and the external persuasions that can affect its performance. The strategies used by ALDI hire been operative so far. But there be still rooms for improvements that take awayed to be manifested. II. The External Environment Porter (1979) introduced the concept of five forces that seeks to analyse the competition in an industry.This serves as an effective tool used in creating a picture of the retail industry. Based on the model, there be four forces that switch to be assessed to determine the condition of the fifth force (M cGahan, 2004). These interact with other to determine the overall condition of the market. The five forces model is critical especially to retail firms. The level of competition in the industry is high. Hence it is imperative for ALDI Australia to appraise the situation of the industry. The nemesis of new entrants shows the possible repercussions of the openness of the industry which is high in the industry.The current condition of the industry coupled by the continuous increase in penury justifies the viability of the industry as an investment hub for new entrants. New entrants, however, have to consider the barriers that can affect their success. Australia is a major market and houses consumers with high buying power. This means that the opportunity for retailers to operate is high. In addition, demand for consumer products has remained high. The emergence and threat of substitutes shows the low tendency, but suddenly emerging alternative retail firms.The effected form of retai l includes the shops and stores located in strategic areas. With the advent of technology, some(prenominal) forms of sell have flourished. Online retailing has become a threat because most consumers have patronised the online retailing scheme instead of the traditional shopping. The bargaining power of the consumers determines the capacity of the consumers to purchase the goods and price sensitivity. It has to be noted that most products in ALDI are demand inelastic and the income per capita in Australia is one of the highest in the world.This means that price changes give have gradual effect to the buying decision of the consumers. Moreover, the buying capacity of Australian households can satisfy their needs and have spare for luxuries. Buyer option is to a fault another major consideration. Consumers in Australia are dynamic and susceptible to changes. It is important to weigh company goals with consumer requirements. The bargaining power of the suppliers which is high fork overs the capabilities of the supplier to tack the demand of the industry. Basically, the agricultural industry of Australia is of theatrical role as evidenced by the fresh food sold in retail stores.In addition, raw material is cheaper answer retail products highly affordable for consumers. Australia is also highly accessible some Asian countries. The possibility of importing products is given and savings gained from such outline are high. ALDI has all the resources to satisfy the demands of the consumers and sustain changes. These factors sum up the rivalry among competitors, which intensify in the industry. The retail industry is highly competitive and can potentially leave alone investors to succeed. It is evident that ALDI exit continually face threats both industry based and substitutes.ALDI Australia is in an environment where it can take advantage of the opportunities. Intense competition leads to note retailed food and eventually benefits for the customers. III. In ternal Aspects Deming (1986) mentioned the need to attain quality results in all the process of production. The technical process pertains to the emphasis of quality in the disparate stages of operations. The rationale behind this dodging is that the continuous inclusion of quality in the process will result to highly competitive and superior products.The social process is standd by Juran (1974) in the assumptions of TQM. The social process includes the provision of suitable tools to boost the tendency of workers to prioritise quality. ALDI Australia has to evaluate its capacity within to achieve sustainable success. ane significant observation that can be made is that the company has wide range of quality food sources. This is in references to the responsible food sourcing that the company adopts. At present, ALDI boosts up to 700 different grocery products. The supplies of the company are considered as one of its valuable resources.Because of its outstanding food production ma terials, the quality of the finished products has improved. Boosting the food with the finest inputs disembarrass the company to effectively satisfy the needs of the consumers. The quality sources also make the company more cost-effective. Another important resource of the company is its identity. This is established by the brand name of ALDI. The brand has the gained the distinction of being the most trusted retailer in Australia. Over the years, the brand name has been embraced in different areas of the world.The credibility of the company is one of its intangible resources that deserved to be recognised. It is known as one of best stores in finding cheap commodities. ALDI Australia greatly depends on its employees for irrefutable results. Indeed, the performance of the workers will influence the success of the firm. ALDI Australia boasts a workforce loaded with competency and talent. The hiring system of the company ensures that the best are selected at the end of the proces s. The company provides comprehensive training programs to continuously equip the employees with the skills needed in the industry.At present ALDI have over 2,000 employees across Australia. This manpower is one of the most valuable components of the retail store. It addresses the needs of the consumers and provides top-notch service. The stores are regarded as one of the finest. The stores of ALDI Australia are uniquely designed suit the shopping preference of its customers. All ALDI stores have similar sizes and designs. Unlike conventional retail shops, the stores of the company provide an aesthetic environment for buyers. The company emphasises of proper location which makes the stores effective.The success of the stores is credited on the ability of the firm to match contentedness and form. It is important to instil in the minds of the consumers that more than quality food, buying at ALDI Australia stores is a wonderful experience. The franchises that the company has establish ed worldwide has helped the company is establishing global market presence. The supermarkets represent ALDI overseas and such resource has provided huge dividends. Several investors in other countries have noticed the increased attention given to the food products of ALDI. This will translate to better opportunities for the supermarket in the future.IV. Company Strategies Strategies of firms are considered to lean towards the strategic scope focusing on the demand, and the strategic strength concentrating on the supply. Porter (1980) hike simplified the method by reducing the strategy to three dimensions that include cost leadership, eminence, and segmentation. These aspects will be used to analyse the strategy of ALDI Australia in its butt to remain at the forefront of the competition. ALDI values the cheapness of its products. Low-cost goods available at ALDI stores entice most of its consumers and prospects.The cost leadership strategy values aptitude. ALDI has been providing several programs to improve its efficiency. Specific strategies involve the establishment of distribution centres. Transportation expenses were reduced because of accessible distribution points. The logistic system has been improved to reduce non-performing components of the distribution process. The differentiation strategy of the company is assigned to the research and development team. ALDI have been working with suppliers. This is the initial process that will eventually lead to better products and innovative solutions.Workforce efficiency is a major issue that the company includes in its strategies. Incentives are also provided to workers based on the quantity and quality of work. The performance of the firm is highly babelike on the manner in which customer service and operational activities are manifested by the employees. The contribution provided by the personnel along with the top-notch products sum up the go of ALDI Australia to its customers. Porter (1985) identified primary activities and support activities in the process of value-adding. ALDI Australia has been dedicated in maximising value and minimising cost.The company has provided top-notch inbound logistics with its equipments and machines transferring the raw materials without damaging the freshness. The intervention of the food from the farmlands to the processing site is meticulously managed. Moreover, the manner in which the food are packed and processed follows quality procedures. In the processing part, ALDI Australia has devoted all necessary resources to assign the high value of food taken from the finest farms in Australia. ALDI retails stores are designed to ensure the high quality of its products.After the products have been placed in distributions centres, the sales and marketing team will work (Bonn, 2007). parenthesis from the television and print advertisements, the company has relied on the Internet to introduce ALDI Australia in the market. In addition, the stores of A LDI Australia are highly accessible ensuring that shoppers will experience no problems while purchasing food. The customer service initiative of the company is highly recognised since service is wide after the purchases are completed. The company has been using storage devices that emphasise on the freshness of the products.Products that have long shelf lives are safely stored in areas free from causing damage. The transportation arteries from the company to the distribution sites are improved and results to fast travel. Cost is reduced through efficient storage devises and the consumption for energy is decreased using better delivery systems. The company strictly follows a low price philosophy. In most convenient stores, products are usually priced with high mark-ups. The strategy of ALDI is to sell in high quantity at lower prices. ALDI has created an efficient checkout system (Bonn, 2007).This is implemented to prevent customers from spending time queuing when making payments. deflection from the checkouts, ALDI Australia has a systematised product display. Customer can easily identify the location of the goods needed without hassles. Although company savings are important for ALDI, the retail store understands that customers also need to be provided with ample savings in all forms. ALDI Australia sells a wide variety of products. Some stores are limited, but ALDI caters to the needs of its customers. As tell earlier, ALDI sells at least 700 kinds of products in its stores.These products range from highly perishable to preserved products (Bonn, 2007). Aside from food, ALDI also sells other merchandises used for general purposes. The firm has been using a stringent quality control process. ALDI personnel ensure that damaged products are segregated from the intact goods. The inventory system of ALDI also assures that the fresh stocks are provided to the consumers. enlargement is one of the goals of the company. ALDI targets its store count to be in the 2 00 level by 2008. This means that ALDI Australia will be established in other areas where demand is high.At present the store count of ALDI Australia is at 165 shops. Although the target still huge, it is highly realisable considering the capacity of the company. ALDI Australia remains committed to serve its customers and make the stores closer to households. V. outline Analysis In the retail industry, the success of strategies can be measured through operational decisions and marketing decisions (Bonn, 2007). Both are strengths of the ALDI Australia and remain as the positive driver of success. Because of its selling philosophy, the most logical method of market segmentation is by income.The social structure of households in Australia is part of the middle to upper levels. Aside from this group, ALDI Australia can control the lower bracket in the society. These groups are the consumers with the lowest income. The cheap products offered by ALDI Australia fits their budget. In theo ry, positioning refers to the perceptions developed in the minds of the target market. It entails the unveiling of image of the brand and the entire organisation (Trout and Rivkin, 1996). Positioning is purely procedural and relies on the completion of stages before making further improvements.Consumer preference is the most important aspect in this process. In addition, ALDI has to target the specific needs before making its position. It is evident that ALDI has established a niche in the industry. From this position, ALDI can become a strong player in the market. Combining the different aspects associated to marketing is vital to the company. The development of marketing mix entails strategies that are design to ensure concord in the quality of performance (Culliton, 1948). Price and product quality are the two main components of the mix. Low price is insufficient to attract the consumers.Combining such aspect with high product quality creates better chances of succeeding. Strat egic management is one of the staple initiatives being implemented by ALDI. Mintzberg (1989) observed that strategy is linked to plans and the demeanor patterns within organisations. The technical process of realising strategic management is divided into two areas. The first phase regard planning as course for intended strategy and the patterned actions are the realised strategies. The process of strategic planning has allowed ALDI to meticulously evaluate their positions in different markets.In addition, strategies of ALDI have remained generic. But ALDI has realised the need to make the strategies flexible to satisfy various needs of consumers. Lewin (1983) stated that corporate social responsibility highlights the duty of the organisations to their stakeholders. Instead on focusing on corporate activities, firms have decided to undertake endeavours with perceived social relevance. This has been one of the weak spots that ALDI needs to improve. Although financial gains from the p rocess are low, ALDI can further improve its reputation. In the retail industry, perception is an important influence to buyers.Firms that tend to provide aid to community activities are being supported by consumers through purchases. Benchmarking is another aspect that has to be developed by ALDI Australia. McNair and Leibfried (1992) contends that benchmarking is designed to leave the past behind and embrace the future. The benchmarking process has many defining aspects. It has to be purposeful, externally focused, measurement based, development intensive, objective, and action generating. All practices performed according to the needs of the firm. VI. Recommendations ALDI Australia is successful because of the pay less strategies and sound management fundamentals.The company needs to sustain its strengths and slowly eliminate the weaknesses. A foreign venture appears to be logical because the domestic market is starting to become overpopulated. The firm has to boost is project r efresh and continue the dedication to provide the best infrastructures and workforce. Combining these components with effective management and good strategies will ensure the robust growth being enjoyed by ALDI Australia. Expenses for advertisements cover most of the budget allocated for marketing. ALDI Australia has to provide inputs on matters that will improve the advertisements.The firm also needs to provide funds for the airing of the advertisements on televisions and even radios. Advertisements done using newspapers and other prints need to reflect the essence of Marks and Spencer food products. The advertisements in the websites need to be easily viewed and accessed (Drummond and Ensor, 2001). These initiatives have to be combined with traditional processes. It is also important for ALDI Australia to maintain balance between price and quality. There are criticisms made by competitors that ALDIs initiative to sell goods in low prices is driven by the sub-par quality of goods.E nsuring that prices remain competitive is a must for ALDI. But the company has to continuously address the need to keep product quality high. Through this strategy, ALDI will go on and improve its performance. References ALDI Australia. (2007). Company Philosophy. Date extracted 9 November 2007, from ALDI International. (2007). Date extracted 9 November 2007, from http//www. aldi. com/ Bonn, I. (2007). ALDI in Australia, in Strategic Management An Integrated Approach. Hill, by Hil, C. W. and Jones, G. Spring, IA Houghton Mifflin College.Coriolis Research. (2000). ALDI in Australia Whaty will be the Impact? Auckland Coriolis Research Limited. Culliton, J. (1948). The Management of trade Cost. capital of Massachusetts Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration. Deming, W. Edwards. (1986). Out of Crisis. Cambridge MIT Centre for Advanced Engineering. Drummond, G and Ensor, J. (2001). Strategic Marketing Planning and Control. London Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Jura n, Joseph. (1974). The Quality Control Handbook 3rd Edition. New York McGraw Hill. Lewin, T. (1983). The New York Times.Business Ethics New Appeal. McGahan, A. (2004). How Industries Evolve Principles of Achieving and Sustaining ace Performance. Boston Harvard Business School Press. McNair and Leibfried. (1992). Benchmarking A Tool for Continuous Improvement. Oliver Wright Publications. Mintzberg, Henry. (1989). Mintzberg on Management. London Free Press. Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Advantage Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York Free Press. Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York Free Press.

Media Function Essay

For individual, the function of media sack up be thought of as the motives or reasons. wherefore individual kindly function media products?They do that in order to feel satisfactions they get a line from the wasting disease of these productsHerta Herzog 1944She studied the motivation and merriment of radio soap opera listeners Her interest was to try to understand (why women become such ardent fans of the radio soaps The mark of the study was to hold (what satisfactions listeners Said they derived coupled with a psychological evaluation of these listeners The functional approach sought to account for (why auditions attended to particular content on the assumption that the act of attending served some function for the individual. Herzog embed that such programs served function for these women the provided emotional release, they served as a source of advice What sorts of lessons did soap operas provide?Herzog found that the lessons of the soaps often applied in unlikely situ ation for ex. One women reported going to the doctor before started her diet beca put on someone on the soap had through with(p) soKatz 1959 he relabeled the approach uses and gratificationFor Katz, uses and gratifications interrogation would empirically test some of the critiques of popular culture that had been made the in 1950s.Katz 1959 he relabeled the approach uses and gratificationFor Katz, uses and gratifications research would empirically test some of the critiques of popular culture that had been made the in 1950s.Social function of the mediaMobilization Entertainment Continuity Cor notification selective randomness Campaigning for edicts objectives in the field of politics, war, economic development, work, and sometimes religion -providingentertainment interestingnessand the means of relaxation- reducing social tension -Expressing the pre dominating culture and recognizing subcultures and youthful culture developments-Forming and maintaining commonality of values - Explaining and commenting on the meaning of events and information-providing support for established authority and norms -socializing-coordinating separate activities-consensus building-setting orders of priority Providing information about events and condition in society and the worldThe assumption of uses and gratification model-The auditory modality is active and hence use of media is goal-directed -Audience have expectation of what certain kinds of content have to raise them, and these expectation help shape their selection. That is, particular audiences can take the initiative in linking their inescapably to the ability of particular media products to gratify those needs -The media vie with new(prenominal) sources of need satisfaction (such as recording, talking with friends, taking a walk, sleeping). The needs potentially satisfied by the mass media are only part of a wider range of human needs. People are sufficiently aware of their needs, media choices, and the gratif ications they receive from media use to be able to tell researchers what motivates their media behavior.-The audience is active and hence use of media is goal-directed -Audience have expectation of what certain kinds of content have to offer them, and these expectation help shape their selection. That is, particular audiences can take the initiative in linking their needs to the ability of particular media products to gratify those needs -The media compete with other sources of need satisfaction (such as reading, talking with friends, taking a walk, sleeping). The needs potentially satisfied by the mass media are only part of a wider range of human needs. People are sufficiently aware of their needs, media choices, and the gratifications they receive from media use to be able to tell researchers what motivates their media behavior.THE CRITIQUE OF FUNCTIONALISMUses and gratification research has been serious criticisms This approach ignores the social dimensions of media consumption and reduces media use to an individual psychological relationship In fact, uses and gratification researches offers no means of understanding the connection between individual psychological needs and social structures and processes Uses and gratification research has been serious criticisms This approach ignores the social dimensions of media consumption and reduces media use to an individual psychological relationship In fact, uses and gratification researches offers no way of understanding the connection between individual psychological needs and social structures and processes The major work on uses and gratifications research has been to catalog the various uses and gratification that audience report obtaining from their media consumptionThe major work on uses and gratifications research has been to catalog the various uses and gratification that audience report obtaining from their media consumptionEntertainment Integration and social interaction Personalidentity information - Escaping from problemsRelaxing-Getting intrinsic culturalFilling timeEmotional releaseSexual arousal- -Gaining insight into circumstances of others-Identifying with others -Gaining a sense of belonging-Finding a basis for conversation and social interaction -Helping to carry out social rolesEnabling one to connect with family, friends, and society -Finding reinforcement for personal values-Finding models of behavior-Identifying with valued others-Gaining insight into ones self -Finding out about events and conditions in immediate surroundings ,society, and the world-Seeking advice on functional matters or opinion and decision choices-Satisfying tenuity -Learning, self-education-Gaining a sense of security through knowledgeNarrative is another valuable tool in our textual analysis toolkit Narrative tends to be associated with the way a fictional story is told terms of how events unfold and are revealed to the audience Narrative is an historic element in the construction of both fi ction and non-fiction texts. Although it is a logical tool to reach for when we undertake the analysis of moving image texts In media studies, looking at muniment structure implies that we explore the way in which the inf. Contained within a text is revealed to us. It has implication for the way in which print texts, images and sound texts are constructed Narrative is another valuable tool in our textual analysis toolkit Narrative tends to be associated with the way a fictional story is told terms of how events unfold and are revealed to the audience Narrative is an substantial element in the construction of both fiction and non-fiction texts. Although it is a logical tool to reach for when we undertake the analysis of moving image texts In media studies, looking at fib structure implies that we explore the way in which the inf. Contained within a text is revealed to us. It has implication for the way in which print texts, images and sound texts are constructedNARRATIVE AS AN ANA LYTICAL TOOLEnigma code Roland Barthes has defined the key narrative twist as enigma code, use to guess the next piece of information to be reveled Think of trailers at the cinema or cliffhangers in TV concomitant drama The enigma is a useful narrative device to clasp the reader interested by whetting his appetite to find out more (magazine front covers are another example of enigma code Work as narrative in the sense of offering a frozen moment. We are invited to compete in our minds what happened before and after the frozen moment Narrative can be said to organize the flow of info on the page, determining how we read the textEnigma code Roland Barthes has defined the key narrative device as enigma code, use to guess the next piece of information to be reveled Think of trailers at the cinema or cliffhangers in TV serial drama The enigma is a useful narrative device to keep the reader interested by whetting his appetite to find out more (magazine front covers are another example of enigma code Work as narrative in the sense of offering a frozen moment. We are invited to compete in our minds what happened before and after the frozen moment Narrative can be said to organize the flow of info on the page, determining how we read the textOn important aspect of the narrative is how the flow of this information is controlled. The flow of this information to the reader is controlled through the headline, the opining paragraph, or intro, the illustration and the outcome.On important aspect of the narrative is how the flow of this information is controlled. The flow of this information to the reader is controlled through the headline, the opining paragraph, or intro, the illustration and the outcome. third main reasons for studying media narrative. One- it shifts the focus of help from content to the structure and process of storytelling Two- it allows us to investigate the similarities and differences in narrative media forms Three-it can reveal how the meanings o f the narrative forms connect to the wider disposition of social strength Three main reasons for studying media narrative.One- it shifts the focus of attention from content to the structure and process of storytelling Two- it allows us to investigate the similarities and differences in narrative media forms Three-it can reveal how the meanings of the narrative forms relate to the wider disposition of social power ADRIAN TILLY argues that although story telling often appears invisible, it is in fact a complex process He points out narrative is an important part of our socialization as it moderates our behavior The nature of media narrative and their relation to our social study situations is the object of narrative study. ADRIAN TILLY argues that although story telling often appears invisible, it is in fact a complex process He points out narrative is an important part of our socialization as it moderates our behavior The nature of media narrative and their relation to our social s tudy situations is the object of narrative study.PARADIGM SHIFT FROM A logical WORLD PARADIGM TO A NARRATIVE ONE NARRATIVE PARDIGM RATIONAL WORLD PARADIGM- passel are essentially storytellers-we make decision on the basis of good reasons, which vary depending on the communication situation -history, biography, culture, and character determine what we consider good reasons-narrative rationality is determined by coherence and fidelity of our stories-the world is a set of stories from which we choose, and thus constantly re-create, our lives (a theoretical framework that views narrative as basis of all human communication) -people are essentially rational-we make decision on basis of arguments -the types of speaking situation determines the course of our arguments-rationality is determined by how much we know and how well we argue-the world is a set of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analysis(a scientific approach to knowledge that assumes people are logical, making decisions on the basis of evidence and arguments) Encoding and decodingOne of the key issues in audience studies, concern the relationship between producer, text, and audience This equation is about a balance of power assessing the extent to which audiences are influenced by media text and what extent they appropriate them in ways quite distinct to the producers intentions Encoding and decodingOne of the key issues in audience studies, concern the relationship between producer, text, and audience This equation is about a balance of power assessing the extent to which audiences are influenced by media text and what extent they appropriate them in ways quite different to the producers intentions sum structures oneMeaning structures oneMeaning structures twoMeaning structures twoStuart Halls Encoding/Decoding modelIn the diagram, he represents the two sidesEncoding, which is the domain of the producerDecoding, the domain of the audienceThe process of communicating a message requires that it be encoded in such a way that the receiver of the message is able to decoded Ex. Televisual message is encoded through the use of camera technology, transmittable as a signal and then decoded using a television set if you do not have a TV you dont have the means to understand One reason that the encoded and decoded messages may not be the same is the capacity of the audience to vary its repartee to media messageStuart Halls Encoding/Decoding modelIn the diagram, he represents the two sidesEncoding, which is the domain of the producerDecoding, the domain of the audienceThe process of communicating a message requires that it be encoded in such a way that the receiver of the message is able to decoded Ex. Televisual message is encoded through the use of camera technology, transmitted as a signal and then decoded using a television set if you do not have a TV you dont have the means to understand One reason that the encoded and decoded messages may not be the same is the capac ity of the audience to vary its response to media message wherefore the audience vary in response to media message?Because they are influenced by their social position, gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, experience, beliefs, where they are, what they are doing, when they receive a message Hall categorised triad kinds of audience responseDominant- the audience agree with the paramount values expressed within the takered reading of the text Negotiated- the audience generally agree with the superior values expressed within the electred reading but they may disagree with certain aspects according to their social background Oppositional- the audience dis agree with dominant values expressed within the preferred reading of the text One concept that has been challenged subsequently by theorists is the notion of preferred reading This refers to the way the encoder would prefer the audience to interpret a media message, above all other possible readings. However, it could be argued tha t some texts are deliberately created to remain open interpretationWhy the audience vary in response to media message?Because they are influenced by their social position, gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, experience, beliefs, where they are, what they are doing, when they receive a message Hall categorised ternion kinds of audience responseDominant- the audience agree with the dominant values expressed within the preferred reading of the text Negotiated- the audience generally agree with the dominant values expressed within the preferred reading but they may disagree with certain aspects according to their social background Oppositional- the audience dis agree with dominant values expressed within the preferred reading of the text One concept that has been challenged subsequently by theorists is the notion of preferred reading This refers to the way the encoder would prefer the audience to interpret a media message, above all other possible readings. However, it could be argued that some texts are deliberately created to remain open interpretation

An Analysis of “A Time For Choosing”

Millions of viewers tuned into the National Broadcasting Company television network for a special broadcast on the 27th of October. Viewers were anticipating Ronald Reagans A Time for Choosing expression. Reagan was ac accreditledged for his acting in motion pictures and television episodes since 1937, and was now being seen in an unfamiliar role. Reagan emerged in support of the republican nominee Barry Goldwater. Barry Morris Goldwater was a businessman and five-term United States Senator from Arizona and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election.A Time for Choosing utilizes a plethora of rhetoric style, delivery, shame, logos, ethos, & hyperboles. His pitch was effective, beca mapping he used a number of these rhetorical techniques throughout his speech. In the beginning of his speech, he uses a unique style to communicate his speech. He today starts off with a clear and precise t bingle, however his assortment of words indicates a consciousness of conc ern. Reagans feeling in this speech is serious and influential. He wants the reference to understand his viewpoints and how he feels about his ideas.He believes that his ideas argon what leave keep the country going and that these beliefs must be expressed to the earreachs in the hopes of being understood. For the listening he gives them examples of how establishment interference hurts the Statesns and in any case allusions to past times such(prenominal) as the revolution and how the design fathers did not want a big judicature. He shares that he has an uncomfortable feeling that this prosperity isnt something on which we base our hopes the future. Reagans ability to connect with his interview was rare and un standardised many of his colleagues.Whether the topics he spoke on were always relevant to that of the listener, it did not always matter. Reagan had gained strong intercommunicate skills while previously working in the acting industry thus enabling him to better c onnect with his audience. Reagan believes that the country is headed in the wrong direction and that America has several challenges at home and abroad. Americas government was in an economic crisis during the time this speech was precondition. He knew the citizens needed to hear something strong and decent that pactd change for a better way of life.A Time for Choosing was deliberative and not only informed and inspired the audience but it also gived America with a lighthearted source of entertainment. The style changes at the force out of the speech and establishes an optimistic anticipation for the future. Reagan constructs the case for Goldwater and states in his closing sentence We will keep in mental capacity and remember that Barry Goldwater has faith in us. He has faith that you and I have the ability and the dignity and the skilful to make our give birth decisions and determine our own destiny.Reagans style expresses a clear concern for the future, so far an optimist ic hope for change that he sees in Barry Goldwater. His inspirational style facilitates him to engage with the American citizens. A Time For Choosing was a fairly long speech nearly thirty minutes. Reagan delivered his speech with no intermissions, no scene change or power point presentations to break the tedium of a long speech one might wonder how someone can hold the attention of an audience for such an all-inclusive amount of time. Reagan achieved this by creating emotional change deep down the hearts and minds of his listeners.One minute he informs them that Kansas had been declared a depressed area due to financial crisis, thus tugging on the audiences heartstrings. The next minute he has the audience crying from jape while belittling the government, saying, When the government tells you youre depressed, lie down and be depressed. Towards the end of the speech, Reagan uses repetition to emphasize a connection between himself and his audience. In the snuff it three paragra phs of the speech, Reagan uses You and I quaternion times.The use of You and I makes the audience feel included and makes them believe they have the same values and opinions as Reagan does. You and I have a rendezvous with destiny is perhaps the most famous line from the speech. populate are inspired by the speech because Reagan gives the American people hope for their future and their childrens future. His use of repetition conveys to us that we have the ability and the dignity and the right to make our own decisions and determine our own destiny.Repetition is a powerful rhetorical technique that Reagan exercises toemphasize unity among the American people. Reagan kept his audience eager for more. He would expose an issue or problem and then create a solution. Exposing faults within the existing government Reagan is able to crack part of the once believed solid foundation of the U. S. government. He also exposes how the seediness and greediness of the government is leaking into t he minds of other fellow Americans. He states situations where individuals are taking desperate measures such as divorce, in order to earn a higher salary so they can provide for their families.Reagan tells us that there are ways around this and that these issues are not individual but collective. Reagan uses pathos when he mentions the recent escalation in Vietnam. He said, As for the peace that we would preserve, I wonder who among us would like to approach the wife or mother whose husband or son has died in South Vietnam and require them if they think this is a peace that should be maintained indefinitely. Do they cerebrate peace, or do they mean we just want to be left in peace? Reagan uses this story of the mourning mother and wife to relate the threat of communism to the existence of freedom.He goes on to state there can be no real peace while one American is dying some place in the valet de chambre for the rest of us. Reagan effectively connects our need for an interven tionist foreign polity that will challenge communism anyplace it exists in the world in order to achieve peace through an emotional story. The audience will react positively to the emotional story because they can empathetically connect to the struggles of our nations war machine families. Reagans use of pathos allows him to connect to his audience. It makes them understand that he has the same concerns about foreign constitution as average Americans.There is no foundation like the rock of honesty and fairness, and when you begin to phase your life on that rock, with the cement of the faith in God that you have a real start. He depicts the image of a man who wants to see his son succeed, something that most parents share. Reagan uses logos to argue for economic conservatism. Reagan creates a parkland sense argument about the economic reality of our nations fiscal policy through a combination of facts, figures, and reasoning. Reagan uses logos, in order to inform Americans of th e injustices set forth by the actual government.By stating straight facts and logic such as Weve raised our debt limit three times in the last twelve months, and now our national debt is one and a half times bigger than all the unite debts of all the nations of the world. He states that our government continues to spend 17 million dollars a day more than the government takes in. We havent balanced our budget 28 out of the last 34 years. and now our national debt is one and a half times bigger than all the combined debts of all the nations of the world. Through common sense and facts, people clearly acknowledge that our nations fiscal policy is unsustainable.Reagan is able to effectively communicate to the American people that the nation is in dire financial straits. Reagans focus on the issues makes him await to the people both synthetic and intelligent. An effective tool Regan uses to sell his ability is his ethos appeal. It is clear that a main goal of his speech is to portray good constitution. With direct description, religious and moral references, or an perspicuous tone thrown over a moral statement, Regan uses this appeal throughout his speech and he uses it well. A major theme in this speech entertains a concern for the general direction of the nation in terms of foreign affairs.Regan weighs freedom and safety by comparing the liberty of the United States with the ant batch of totalitarianism. He does this to paint his democratic opponents in a way that suggests a propensity of weakness. This is as if to say that if elected, his opponents would be more likely to appease than defend against an encroaching threat. While explaining these possibilities, Regan uses an obvious tone of voice to criticize and attach all of the negative aspects he explains to his opponent. This also stands to say that he would never resort to such weakness, thus promoting himself as one of superior character.Another interesting factor to note is that he is trying to buil d a well perceived character on behalf of another person. Since he is speaking for Barry Goldwater, his speech is intended to be representative of two people in conjunction. He directly boasts authenticity when he says Ive never known a man in my life I believed so incapable of doing a dishonest or dishonorable thing. This statement speaks directly of Goldwaters character but also serves as a reflection of his own. Reagan uses hyperbole to add some humor and laughter to his speech.Hebegins a personal story in which he explains that two friends of mine were talking to a Cuban refugee, a businessman who had escaped from Castro, and in the midst of the story one of my friends turned to the other and said, We dont know how lucky we are. And the Cuban stopped and said, How lucky you are? I had someplace to escape to. The United States for sure isnt the only place the refugee could have escaped to, but Reagan used the story to indicate America ideals and values. People around the world who are not as fortunate as us esteem the unique combination and commitment to these values.Another hyperbole Reagan uses is when he said, government programs, once launched never disappear. Actually, a government bureau is the nearest thing to eternal life well ever see on this earth. Reagans humor not only makes people laugh, but makes them think about the expanding size and power of government. Reagans use of hyperboles showcase his ability to incorporate humor into serious issues. Humor would become a grounding of his oratory style known as the Reagan wit. Reagans speech A Time for Choosing, showed intellect and promise to the people it was also imperative to his own political career.Ronald Reagan was a wonderful person to have given this speech due to his celebrity status, his knowledge of both sides of the political spectrum, and his ability to use different rhetorical appeals to speak to his audience. Reagan was able to use his rhetorical appeals to persuade the audience t hat the government needed to change in order to better reflect the freedoms and ideals our country was build upon. Where there was a problem he provided a solution, where there was question he gave answer, all of this could be found in one name and I believe he firmly stood by his claim, Barry Goldwater.A Time for Choosing or The Speech will remain powerful and memorable for many years to come. Regan makes a great argument with this speech. He applies several sound appeals to the audience and does so in a skilled manner. By reeling his audience in with a simple logical argument, and then promoting Barry Goldwater as a solution in a common sense manner, he makes it seem as if he is the obvious choice. Although Lyndon B. Johnson won the election, Ronald Regans A Time for Choosing did extremely well for the Goldwater iron out and is an excellent example of argumentative rhetoric.

Definitions of Tourism Essay

holidaymakerry is a booming industry and a driving force in positive economical, ecological, sustainable, social and cultural developments in several countries around the globe. Its complex nature requires sophisticated focusing in order to reach its full potential. Most people possess an intuitive and introductory catch of phaetonry, which focuses on an image of people travelling for recreational purposes, however, tourism, goes far beyond this simplistic view. According to Stear (2005), the knowledge domain of studying tourism has an apparent lack of substance when it comes to be the basic terms tourism and touring car.Although the concept of tourism itself has been around for many centuries, the academic study of tourism in the tertiary educational sector is a recent development. There is no single explanation of tourism to which every atomic number 53 adheres. Many definitions live been used over the years, some of which are universal and foot be applied to any situat ion, temporary hookup new(prenominal)s fulfil a specific purpose. This essay aims to define who exactly a tourist is and what the term tourism means through technical and heuristic definitions from articles written by Stear (2005), Dickman (1997), and McIntosh et al (1995).Throughout the essay definitions from organisations such(prenominal) as the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) will also be drawn upon. The ambiguity of two seemingly simplistic concepts in theory who a tourist is and what tourism entails will be discussed through a range of academic articles, which will address and highlight the strengths, weaknesses and differences between them. The foci and boundaries of each definition will be determined in order to assess their effectiveness. Whilst each definition is unique in their own right, there are also many similarities, which can be noted.Weaver (2010) states that the definition of tourism is dependent on the definition of the tourist and when de fining whom exactly is a tourist, individuals must concurrently meet certain spatial, temporal and purposive criteria, which will be discussed below. First and fore more or less, Stear (2005) defines tourism as Tourism is travel and temporary stay, involving at least bingle night external from the orbit of a some peerlesss usual home that is under absentn with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs that are sensed as being more njoyably able to be satisfied by being at interposes worldwide of, and qualitatively diametric to, the home region (Stear 2005, pg. 8).Stear also has a clear definition of a tourist, which he refers to as A tourist is a person engaging in activities directly associated with present or future travel and temporary stay that involves at least one night away from the region of their usual home that is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs that are perceived as being more enjoyably able to be satisfied by places o utside of, and qualitatively different to, the home region. (Stear 2005, pg. 11) A clear fault of Stears heuristic definitions of tourism and tourist is the limitation or restriction of the time intent of at least one night away, in which Stear fails to take into account the temporal element of tourism. The notion of how long, if any time at alone, that must be fatigued away from ones usual home is an aspect, which is not uniform amongst definitions of tourism. Another weakness of Stears definitions is the limitation of the region of a persons usual home, which implies that physically moving away from your home would make you a tourist.According to the UNWTO (cited in Weaver, 2010), for an individual to qualify as a tourist travel must occur beyond the individuals usual surroundings. The spatial limitation of tourism as discussed by Weaver (2010) is unclear in this instance as an individual who lives in Sydney but stays in Canberra during the week for work would then be conside red a tourist under this definition. Whilst Stears (2005) definition states a minimum stay requirement to be considered a tourist, it does not state a maximum timeframe, unlike that of other definitions, which clearly state a maximum period of time before someone loses the title of tourist.The UNWTO (1995) provides a more technical definition and defines tourism as an individual travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. This definition is broader in scope compared to Stears (2005), which specifies that an individual who travels is scarcely a tourist when their travel is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs. The UNWTO definition (cited in Weaver, 2010) is complemented by Dickmans (1997, pg. 7) who identifies a tourist as a visitor who travels to a place utside his/her usual environment for at least one night but no more than six months ( domestic ) or one year (international) and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited and tourism as a non-essential activity, or one that is predominantly related to leisure activities (Dickman, 1997 pg. 7). Compared to Stears (2005) definition of tourism, Dickmans (1997) heuristic definition is very brief and extremely vague as spatial relevance and time period are both not addressed.Furthermore, Dickmans (1997) definition is limited as it wholly refers to the activity side of tourism whereas Leiper (2004) discusses a basic tourism system involving the tourist, the generating region, the transit route, the destination and the causa in between. Despite this limitation, a major strength of Dickmans (1997) definition is that it defines and takes into consideration the differences between domestic and international tourists.This semblance has also been addressed by Weaver (2010) who declares that a domestic tourist is one that travels within their own country of residence, whilst an international tourist travels outside their usual country of residence. The third and last authors McIntosh et al. (1995) describes tourism as the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportations, and all other shares, including promotion, that serves the needs and wants of travellers. Tourism at once has been given new meaning and is primary a term of economics referring to the industry.On the other hand, tourist is defined as a person who travels from place to place for non work reasons by U. N. definition, a tourist is someone who stays for more than one night and less than a year. Business and convening travel is included. This thinking is dominated by balance-of-trade concepts. Military personnel, diplomats, immigrants and resident students are not tourists (McIntosh et al. , 1995). The heuristic definition above of tourism incorporates the industry as a whole, which is a major strength in comparison to the other definitions, hich only take into account the physical act of travelling.The tourism industry is not identifiable as a standard industry but is rather an amalgamation of parts of other schematic industries such as retail, hospitality, accommodation, entertainment and transport (Weaver, 2010). The incorporation of tourism as an industry takes on a different approach to defining tourism and makes finding a clarified and universal meaning for tourism and tourist nevertheless more complicated. McIntosh et al. 1995) refer to the tourist in a very specific musical mode including different types of tourists such as business tourists, which is a strong point, as a tourist cant be just defined in one aspect.According to Weaver (2010), a basic tourist criterion concerns travel purpose which is dominated by three major categories leisure and recreation, visit friends and relative and business. Compared to Stear (2005) and Dickmans (1997) narrow definitions, McIntosh et al. (1995) go for a much broader, flexible view on defining tourism and the tourist. In both definitions of tourist Dickman (1997) and McIntosh et al. 1995) describe an individual moving out of their usual environment, which is considered a key element in the definition. Weaver (2010) supports this definition in his discussion of fulfilling the spatial component in order to be considered a tourist. Whilst this is considered a highly subjective concept, many tourism bodies train minimum distance thresholds, which serve the useful purpose of differentiating those who bring outside revenue into the local country from those who circulate revenue internally (Weaver, 2010, pg. 22-23).When reviewing the definition by McIntosh et al. 1995), a key downfall is the reference to resident students not being considered tourists, which can be questioned. An international student may wish to travel afield first to experience the culture of the country they plan on studying in, however under this definiti on, even if they wish to take part in and visit tourist attractions which are recreational and leisure found they arent considered tourists. Most people do not intuitively associate study or pro forma education with tourism however it is considered a qualifying criterion by the UNWTO.In Australia alone, in 2007-08 international students accounted for around 7% of all inbound arrivals (Weaver, 2010, pg. 29). In conclusion, the complicated task of defining two simple terms tourism and tourist has been made somewhat clearer through the definitions provided by Stear (2005), Dickman (1997) and McIntosh et al. (1995). Whilst all three authors have different perspectives on how to define these terms, they also have a few aspects that seem to cross over.Considering all the definitions by the three authors Stear (2005), Dickman (1997) and McIntosh et al. 1995) it is hard to argue which definition is more just and accurate than the other as they all have their strengths and weaknesses. From the research conducted, Stears (2005) definition of a tourist is the most flexible and applicable in the context of todays society however Dickmans (1997) definition of tourism is most accurate as it incorporates the entire tourism industry and not just the physical act of traveling. Ultimately, tourist and tourism are indefinable as we all have our own personal views and perspectives on which definitions flare-up the context of the situation.